Table 1: Ingredient equivalents.

Ingredient

Amount

Substitutions

Allspice

1 tsp

1/2 tsp cinnamon plus 1/2 tsp ground cloves.

Apple pie spice

1 tsp

1/2 tsp cinnamon, 1/4 tsp nutmeg, and 1/8 tsp cardamom.

Arrowroot, as thickener

1 Tbsp

2 Tbsp all-purpose flour.
1 Tbsp cornstarch

Baking powder, 
 double acting

1 tsp

1/4 tsp baking soda, 1/2 tsp cream of tartar and 1/4 tsp cornstarch;
1/4 tsp baking soda plus 5/8 tsp cream of tartar;
1/4 tsp baking soda plus 1/2 cup buttermilk, sour milk or yogurt; (decrease liquid in recipe by 1/2 cup);
1/4 tsp baking soda, 1/2 Tbsp vinegar or lemon juice plus sweet milk to make 1/2 cup (decrease liquid in recipe by 1/2 cup);
1/4 tsp baking soda plus 1/4 cup molasses (decrease liquid in recipe by 1-2 Tbsp);
1 1/2 tsp phosphate or tartrate baking powder.

Bay leaf, crushed

1 tsp

1 whole bay leaf.

Brandy

1/4 cup

1 tsp brandy extract plus enough water or liquid called for in recipe to make 1/4 cup.

Bread crumbs
 dry

1/4-1/3 cup

1 slice bread;
1/4 cup cracker crumbs;
2/3 cup rolled oats;

 soft

1/2-3/4 cup

1 slice bread.

Broth, beef or chicken

1 cup

1 bouillon cube, 1 tsp (1 envelope) powdered broth base or 1 tsp instant granules dissolved in 1 cup water.

Butter

1 cup

1 cup margarine;
7/8 to 1 cup hydrogenated shortening plus 1/2 tsp salt;
7/8 cup lard plus 1/2 tsp salt;
7/8 cup oil plus 1/2 tsp salt.

Catsup

1 cup

1 cup tomato sauce plus 1/2 cup sugar and 2 Tbsp vinegar (for use in cooking).

Chili Sauce

1 cup

1 cup tomato sauce, 1/4 cup brown sugar, 2 Tbsp vinegar, 1/4 tsp cinnamon, and dash of ground cloves and allspice.

Chives, finely chopped

1 Tbsp

1 Tbsp green onion tops, finely chopped.

Chocolate, unsweetened

1 oz

3 Tbsp cocoa plus 1 Tbsp butter or fat;
3 Tbsp carob powder plus 2 Tbsp water.

     semisweet

1-2/3 oz

1 oz unsweetened chocolate plus 4 tsp sugar.

Chocolate chips, semisweet, melted

6 oz pkg 
(2/3 cup)

2 squares (2 oz) unsweetened chocolate, 2 Tbsp shortening and 1/2 cup sugar melted (2/3 cup).

Coconut, grated, dry

1 Tbsp

1 1/2 tbsp fresh coconut, grated.

Coconut milk

1 cup

1 cup milk.

Coconut cream

1 cup

1 cup cream.

Cornstarch

1 Tbsp

2 Tbsp all-purpose flour;
2 Tbsp granular tapioca;
1 Tbsp arrowroot.

Corn syrup

1 cup

1 cup granulated sugar plus 1/4 cup water or other liquid called for in recipe;
1 cup honey.

Cracker crumbs

3/4 cup

1 cup dry bread crumbs.

Cream:
     half & half (10-12% fat)

1 cup

1 1/2 Tbsp butter plus 7/8 cup milk;
1/2 cup coffee cream plus 1/2 cup milk;
1 cup evaporated milk, undiluted.

     coffee (20% fat)

1 cup

3 Tbsp butter plus 7/8 cup milk.

     heavy (36-40% fat)

1 cup

1/3 cup butter plus 3/4 cup milk (for baking only, will not whip).

     sour cream

1 cup

7/8 cup buttermilk or sour milk;
1 cup yogurt;
1 1/8 cup powdered nonfat dry milk, 1/2 cup warm water and 1 Tbsp vinegar (mixture will thicken in refrigerator in a few hours); 
1 cup evaporated milk plus 1 Tbsp vinegar (allow to stand 5 minutes before using);
1/3 cup buttermilk, 1 Tbsp lemon juice, and 1 cup smooth cottage cheese blended together;
7/8 cup milk, 1 Tbsp lemon juice, and 2 Tbsp butter or margarine.

     whipped cream

2 cups

1 cup chilled evaporated milk plus 1/2 tsp lemon juice, whipped until stiff.

Cream of tartar

1/2 tsp

1 1/2 tsp lemon juice or vinegar.

Dill, fresh

1 head

1 tsp dill seed.

Eggs whole, large

1 egg 
(3 1/3 Tbsp)

2 1/2 Tbsp dried, sifted eggs plus 2 1/2 Tbsp water; 
3 1/3 Tbsp frozen egg yolks, thawed;
1/2 tsp baking powder, 1 Tbsp vinegar and 1 Tbsp liquid (in baking);
1 egg in every 3 can be replaced with 1 Tbsp cornstarch in baking;
Soften 1 Tbsp unflavored gelatin in 3 Tbsp cold water, add 3 tsp boiling water, cool and beat until frothy, add to recipe (reduce other liquid by 2 Tbsp);
1/4 cup commercial egg substitute.

     whites

1 egg white 
(2 Tbsp)

2 tsp dried egg white plus 2 Tbsp water;
2 Tbsp frozen egg whites, thawed.

     yolks

1 egg yolk 
(1 1/3 Tbsp)

2 Tbsp dried egg yolks plus 2 tsp water;
4 tsp frozen egg yolks, thawed.

Flour, pastry

1 cup

7/8 cup all-purpose or bread flour.

     cake

1 cup

7/8 cup all-purpose flour (1 cup less 2 Tbsp).

     white, all-purpose for thickening

1 Tbsp

1/2 Tbsp cornstarch, potato starch, rice starch or arrowroot;
1 Tbsp quick-cooking tapioca;
1 Tbsp waxy rice or corn flour;
2 Tbsp granular cereal;
2 Tbsp browned flour;
1 1/2 Tbsp whole wheat flour.

     white, all-purpose for baking

     Note: Specialty flours added to yeast bread recipes will result in a reduced volume and heavier product.

1 cup

1 1/2 cups bread crumbs;
1 1/8 cups cake flour (1 cup plus 2 Tbsp);
7/8 to 1 cup corn meal;
1/2 cup cornstarch plus 1/2 cup rye, potato or rice flour (sift together 6 times, use with 2 tsp baking powder per cup in quick breads as wheat flour allergy substitute);
13/16 cup gluten flour (1 cup less 3 Tbsp);
5/8 cup potato flour;
7/8 cup rice flour;
1 1/3 cups rolled oats;
1 1/4 cups rye flour;
1/8 cup soy, cottonseed, peanut or carob flour plus 7/8 cup all-purpose flour;
1/3 cup wheat germ plus 2/3 cup all-purpose flour
1 cup minus 1 Tbsp whole wheat flour.

     white, all-purpose, self-rising

1 cup

1 cup all-purpose flour plus 1 1/4 tsp baking powder and 1/4 tsp salt.

Garlic

1 clove, small

1/8 tsp garlic powder or instant minced garlic;
1/2-1 tsp garlic salt (reduce amount salt called for in recipe).

Gelatin, flavored

3-oz package

1 Tbsp plain gelatin plus 2 cups fruit juice.

Ginger, candied or raw

1 Tbsp

1/8 tsp powdered ginger.

Herbs, fresh

1 Tbsp

1 tsp dried herbs.

Honey

1 cup

1 1/4 cup sugar plus 1/4 cup liquid (use liquid called for in recipe).

Horseradish, grated fresh

1 Tbsp

2 Tbsp bottled horseradish.

Italian seasoning

1 tsp

1/4 tsp basil, 2/3 tsp dried parsley, and pinch oregano.

Lemon, whole

1 lemon

1 to 3 Tbsp juice, plus 2 to 2 1/2 tsp grated rind.

     juice

1 tsp

1/2 tsp vinegar.

     grated rind or peel

1 tsp

1/2 tsp lemon extract.

Lemon grass

1 Tbsp

1 Tbsp lemon peel.

Maple sugar, grated

1 Tbsp
1/2 cup

1 Tbsp white sugar;
1 cup maple syrup (decrease liquid by 1/2 cup).

Maple syrup

about 2 cups

Combine 2 cups sugar and 1 cup water, bring to clear boil; take off heat; add 1/2 tsp maple flavoring.

Marshmallows, miniature

1 cup

10 large marshmallows.

Mayonnaise (for use in 
salads and salad dressings)

1 cup

1 cup yogurt, sour cream or cottage cheese pureed in blender (use for all or part of mayonnaise called for in recipe).

Milk, buttermilk or sour

1 cup

1 cup minus 1 Tbsp sweet milk, plus 1 Tbsp vinegar or lemon juice; let stand 5 minutes;
1 cup sweet milk plus 1 1/4-1 3/4 tsp cream of tartar;
1 cup yogurt (plain).

     skim

1 cup

1/3 cup instant nonfat dry milk plus 7/8 cup water.

     whole

1 cup

1/2 cup evaporated milk plus 1/2 cup water;
1 cup skim, 2% or reconstituted dry milk;
1 cup soy or almond milk;
1 cup fruit juice or potato water in baking;
1 cup water plus 1 1/2 tsp butter in baking;
1 cup buttermilk plus 1/2 tsp baking soda (decrease baking powder by 2 tsp).

     sweetened condensed

1 cup

Combine 1 cup plus 2 Tbsp dry milk with 1/2 cup warm water and 3/4 cup sugar, mix well, may set pan in bowl of hot water to dissolve sugar.

Mint leaves, fresh chopped

1/4 cup

1 Tbsp dried mint leaves.

Molasses

1 cup

3/4 cup sugar, increase liquid by 5 Tbsp, decrease baking soda by 1/2 tsp, add 2 tsp baking powder;
3/4 cup sugar plus 1 1/4 tsp cream of tartar, increase liquid in recipe by 5 Tbsp.

Mushrooms, fresh

1 lb

3 oz dried plus 1 1/2 cups water;
1 8-oz can, drained weight.

Mustard, dry

1 tsp

1 Tbsp prepared mustard;
1/2 tsp mustard seeds.

Nuts

1 cup

1 cup rolled oats, browned (in baked products).

Oil (for sauteing)

1/4 cup

1/4 cup melted margarine, butter, bacon drippings, shortening or lard.

Onion

1 small

1/4 cup chopped, fresh onion;
1 1/3 tsp onion salt;
1 to 2 Tbsp instant minced onion;
1 tsp onion powder.

Onion powder

1 tsp

1/4 cup fresh onion, chopped.

Orange

1 medium

6 to 8 Tbsp juice; 3/4 cup diced; 2 to 3 Tbsp grated rind.

Orange peel, dried

1 Tbsp

2 or 3 Tbsp grated fresh orange peel (peel of medium orange).

Parsley, fresh

1 Tbsp

1 tsp parsley flakes.

Pepper, white

1 tsp

1 tsp black pepper.

Peppers, green or red bell, dried

1 Tbsp

3 Tbsp fresh bell pepper, dried chopped.

Pimento

2 Tbsp, chopped

3 Tbsp fresh red bell pepper;
1 Tbsp dried red pepper, rehydrated.

Pumpkin pie spice

1 tsp

1/2 tsp cinnamon, 1/4 tsp ginger, 1/8 tsp allspice and 1/8 tsp nutmeg.

Rennet

1 tablet

1 Tbsp liquid rennet.

Rice

1 cup cooked

1 cup converted, regular brown or wild rice, cooked.
1 cup bulgur or pearl barley, cooked.

Rum

1/4 cup

1 Tbsp rum extract plus enough liquid to make 1/4 cup.

Shortening, melted

1 cup

1 cup cooking oil.

     solid

1 cup

1 cup minus 2 Tbsp lard; 1 cup butter or margarine (decrease salt in recipe by 1/2 tsp).

Sugar, brown

1 cup

1 cup granulated sugar;
1 cup granulated sugar plus 1/4 cup unsulphured molasses;
1/2 cup liquid brown sugar.

     confectioners or powdered

1 cup

3/4 cup granulated sugar (for uses other than baking).

     granulated

1 cup

1 cup firmly packed brown sugar;
1 1/3 cup confectioners sugar (for uses other than baking);
1 cup corn syrup, reduce other liquid by 1/4 cup (never replace more than 1/2 of sugar called for in recipe with corn syrup);
13/16 cup honey (1 cup less 3 Tbsp); reduce liquid in recipe by 3 Tbsp for every cup of honey added; add a pinch of baking soda to neutralize acidity;
3/4 to 1 cup maple syrup minus 3 Tbsp other liquid;
1 cup molasses or sorghum plus 1/2 tsp baking soda; omit or decrease baking powder by 1 tsp; reduce other liquid by 6 Tbsp;
1 cup raw sugar.

Tapioca, quick-cooking

1 1/2-2 Tbsp

4 Tbsp pearl tapioca, soaked.

     quick-cooking for thickening

1 Tbsp

1 Tbsp flour.

Tomatoes, fresh

2 cups, chopped

1 16-oz can, drained.

     packed

1 cup

1/2 cup tomato sauce plus 1/2 cup water.

     canned

1 cup

1 1/3 cups diced tomatoes simmered 10 minutes.

Tomato juice

1 cup

1/2 cup tomato sauce plus 1/2 cup water.

Tomato sauce

2 cups

3/4 cup tomato paste plus 1 cup water.

Tomato soup

1 10 3/4 oz. can

1 cup tomato sauce plus 1/4 cup water.

Vanilla bean

1/2 bean

1 Tbsp vanilla extract.

Worcestershire sauce

1 tsp

1 tsp bottled steak sauce.

Yeast, active dry (1/4 oz)

1 package

2 1/2 tsp dry yeast or 1 compressed yeast cake.

Yogurt

1 cup

1 cup buttermilk;
1 cup cottage cheese, blended until smooth;
1 cup sour cream.

* For conversion to metrics, use the following equivalents: 
1 tsp = 5 milliliters 
1 lb = .45 kilograms 
1 Tbsp = 15 milliliters 
1 cup = .24 liters 
1 oz = 28 grams